Nano Health Insights

Glossary

Hormone-health terms, defined

Plain-language definitions for the terms you’ll hear from a clinician and read in the journals. Each entry is medically reviewed and links to the deeper articles that explore it.

150 terms
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A

14 terms

ACE Inhibitors

Also: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors · ACEi

ACE inhibitors are medicines first approved in 1981 that lower blood pressure and protect the heart and kidneys by blocking angiotensin-converting enzyme.

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Agni

Also: digestive fire

Agni is an Ayurvedic concept for digestive and metabolic “fire,” traditionally described in 13 forms that govern transformation of food and tissues.

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Allergic Rhinitis

Also: hay fever · nasal allergy

Allergic rhinitis is an IgE-mediated nasal allergy that affects about 1 in 6 people and causes sneezing, congestion, itching, and a runny nose.

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Alpha-Lipoic Acid

Also: ALA · thioctic acid

Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a sulfur-containing antioxidant supplement that is most studied at 600 mg/day for diabetic nerve pain.

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Ama

Also: metabolic toxins

Ama is an Ayurvedic concept describing harmful byproducts of impaired digestion and metabolism, not a modern medical diagnosis.

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Amla (Indian Gooseberry)

Also: Indian gooseberry · Emblica officinalis

Amla (Phyllanthus emblica) is an Ayurvedic fruit used as food and herbal medicine, with limited human evidence for metabolic and antioxidant effects.

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Amlodipine

Also: Amlong · Norvasc

Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker approved in 1987 that lowers blood pressure and treats some forms of angina.

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Anxiety Disorder

Also: generalized anxiety disorder · GAD

Anxiety disorder is a group of mental health conditions marked by excessive fear or worry; WHO estimated 359 million people were affected in 2021.

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ARBs (Angiotensin Receptor Blockers)

Also: angiotensin receptor blockers · ARB

ARBs are blood pressure medicines that block the angiotensin II type 1 receptor and are not safe in pregnancy.

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Arjuna

Also: Terminalia arjuna · arjun

Arjuna (Terminalia arjuna) is an Ayurvedic tree bark herb traditionally used for heart health, but human evidence remains limited.

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Ashwagandha

Also: Withania somnifera · Indian ginseng

Ashwagandha is an Ayurvedic herb, Withania somnifera, that may modestly help stress and sleep over about 2 to 3 months.

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Aspirin

Also: acetylsalicylic acid · ASA

Aspirin is acetylsalicylic acid, a medicine used in low doses such as 75–100 mg to reduce blood clotting and in higher doses to relieve pain and fever.

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Asthma

Also: bronchial asthma

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease that affected an estimated 363 million people worldwide in 2023.

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Atorvastatin

Also: Atorva · Lipitor

Atorvastatin is a statin medicine, approved in 1996, that lowers LDL cholesterol and reduces heart attack and stroke risk.

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B

8 terms

BCAAs (Branched-Chain Amino Acids)

Also: branched-chain amino acids · leucine isoleucine valine

BCAAs are the essential amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine, a 3-amino-acid group often sold for exercise recovery.

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Berberine

Also: berberine hydrochloride

Berberine is a plant alkaloid supplement; studies often use 1 gram/day or more, but evidence and product quality are variable.

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Beta-Blockers

Also: beta-adrenergic blockers · beta blockers

Beta-blockers are medicines that block beta receptors to slow the heart and lower blood pressure.

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Bhringraj

Also: Eclipta alba · Eclipta prostrata

Bhringraj is an Ayurvedic herb from Eclipta prostrata used traditionally for hair and liver health, but human clinical evidence remains limited.

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Bibhitaki

Also: Terminalia bellirica · baheda

Bibhitaki (Terminalia bellirica) is an Ayurvedic medicinal fruit used in Triphala, with limited human evidence including a 2016 pilot trial in hyperuricemia.

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Biguanides

Also: metformin class

Biguanides are a drug class for type 2 diabetes; today metformin is the only widely used biguanide.

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Biotin (Vitamin B7)

Also: vitamin B7 · vitamin H

Biotin (vitamin B7) is a water-soluble B vitamin needed for metabolism; adults generally need about 30 mcg per day.

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Brahmi

Also: Bacopa monnieri · water hyssop

Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) is an Ayurvedic herb traditionally used for memory and anxiety, commonly studied at 300 mg/day of extract.

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C

11 terms

Calcium

Also: Ca

Calcium is an essential mineral; over 99% of the body’s calcium is stored in bones and teeth.

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Chondroitin

Also: chondroitin sulfate

Chondroitin is a cartilage-derived supplement, usually chondroitin sulfate, used mainly for osteoarthritis, but trial results remain inconsistent.

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Chromium

Also: Cr · trivalent chromium

Chromium is a trace mineral sold in supplements, but no RDA or AI has been set for healthy people.

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Chronic Kidney Disease

Also: CKD · chronic renal failure

Chronic kidney disease is kidney damage or an eGFR below 60 mL/min/1.73 m² for at least 3 months.

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Cinnamon

Also: dalchini · Cinnamomum

Cinnamon is the bark of Cinnamomum trees; cassia contains more coumarin than Ceylon cinnamon.

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Coenzyme Q10

Also: CoQ10 · ubiquinone

Coenzyme Q10 is a fat-soluble, vitamin-like compound that helps mitochondria make ATP and is sold as a supplement in two forms: ubiquinone and ubiquinol.

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Collagen

Also: collagen peptides · hydrolyzed collagen

Collagen is the body’s main structural protein, and hydrolyzed collagen supplements are peptides usually about 3–6 kDa in size.

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Constipation

Also: chronic constipation

Constipation is difficult or infrequent bowel movements, often defined as 3 or fewer stools per week.

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Copper

Also: Cu

Copper is an essential trace mineral; the adult RDA is 900 mcg per day.

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Coronary Artery Disease

Also: CAD · heart disease

Coronary artery disease is narrowing or blockage of the heart’s arteries by plaque; in 2022 it caused 371,506 deaths in the U.S.

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Creatine

Also: creatine monohydrate

Creatine is a naturally occurring compound and supplement, usually taken as creatine monohydrate, that can improve high-intensity exercise performance.

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G

9 terms

GERD (Acid Reflux)

Also: acidity · acid reflux

GERD is repeated acid reflux that causes troublesome symptoms or complications; about 20% of people in the United States have it.

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Gestational Diabetes

Also: GDM · pregnancy diabetes

Gestational diabetes is high blood sugar first recognized during pregnancy, usually screened for at 24–28 weeks.

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Giloy (Guduchi)

Also: guduchi · Tinospora cordifolia

Giloy (Guduchi, Tinospora cordifolia) is an Ayurvedic climbing vine used traditionally as a rasayana, but human evidence is limited and liver injury has been reported.

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Ginger

Also: adrak · Zingiber officinale

Ginger is the rhizome of Zingiber officinale, used as a food and traditional remedy; its best-supported use is reducing nausea.

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GLP-1 Receptor Agonists

Also: glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists · GLP-1 agonists

GLP-1 receptor agonists are medicines that mimic the gut hormone GLP-1 to treat type 2 diabetes and, for some drugs, obesity.

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Glucosamine

Also: glucosamine sulfate

Glucosamine is a dietary supplement, often taken as 1,500 mg/day, that is used mainly for osteoarthritis but has mixed evidence.

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Gokshura

Also: Tribulus terrestris · puncture vine

Gokshura (Tribulus terrestris) is an Ayurvedic herb traditionally used for urinary and sexual health, but human evidence remains limited.

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Gout

Also: gouty arthritis · high uric acid

Gout is an inflammatory arthritis caused by monosodium urate crystals, and about 50% of acute flares may occur without high serum uric acid.

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Guggul

Also: Commiphora mukul · Indian bdellium

Guggul is the resin of Commiphora mukul used in Ayurveda; modern evidence for cholesterol or weight loss benefits is limited and mixed.

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M

12 terms

Magnesium

Also: Mg

Magnesium is an essential mineral that supports over 300 enzyme systems in the body.

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Magnesium Citrate

Magnesium citrate is a magnesium salt used as a supplement and laxative; normal serum magnesium is about 0.75–0.95 mmol/L.

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Magnesium Glycinate

Also: magnesium bisglycinate

Magnesium glycinate is a magnesium supplement bound to glycine; the adult upper limit from supplements is 350 mg/day of elemental magnesium.

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Magnesium Oxide

Magnesium oxide is a magnesium salt used as a supplement and osmotic laxative; it has relatively low absorption compared with some other magnesium forms.

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Manganese

Also: Mn

Manganese is an essential trace mineral; adults need about 1.8–2.3 mg/day, and too much can harm the nervous system.

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Manjistha

Also: Rubia cordifolia · Indian madder

Manjistha (Rubia cordifolia) is an Ayurvedic herb traditionally used for skin and blood-related disorders; human clinical evidence remains limited.

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Melatonin

Also: sleep hormone

Melatonin is a hormone and supplement that helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle over a roughly 24-hour circadian rhythm.

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Metabolic Syndrome

Also: syndrome X · insulin resistance syndrome

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of at least 3 risk factors that raises the chances of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

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Metformin

Also: Glycomet · Glucophage

Metformin is an oral biguanide diabetes medicine, first approved in 1994, that lowers blood glucose mainly by reducing liver glucose production.

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Migraine

Also: migraine headache

Migraine is a neurologic disorder causing recurrent headache attacks, and about one-third of people with migraine have aura.

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Milk Thistle

Also: silymarin · Silybum marianum

Milk thistle is a herbal supplement from Silybum marianum whose main extract, silymarin, is used for liver-related conditions, but evidence is mixed.

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Moringa (Drumstick)

Also: Moringa oleifera · drumstick

Moringa (Moringa oleifera) is a nutrient-rich tree used as food and in Ayurveda, but human evidence for supplements remains limited.

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P

16 terms

Panchakarma

Also: five actions · detox therapy

Panchakarma is a traditional Ayurvedic cleansing system of 5 core procedures used to balance doshas, not a medically proven detox.

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Pantoprazole

Also: Pan · Protonix

Pantoprazole is a proton-pump inhibitor that lowers stomach acid, with acid suppression lasting about 24 to 48 hours after a dose.

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Paracetamol

Also: acetaminophen · Crocin

Paracetamol is a pain- and fever-relieving drug; in adults, the usual maximum total dose is 4,000 mg per day.

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PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome)

Also: polycystic ovary syndrome · PCOD

PCOS is a common hormonal and metabolic disorder affecting about 10–13% of reproductive-aged women worldwide.

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Peppermint

Also: pudina · Mentha piperita

Peppermint (Mentha × piperita) is a mint herb whose oil may help irritable bowel syndrome symptoms, based on a 2022 review of 10 studies.

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Peptic Ulcer Disease

Also: stomach ulcer · gastric ulcer

Peptic ulcer disease is an acid-related sore in the stomach or duodenum; gastric ulcers are often defined as defects larger than 5 mm.

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Phosphorus

Also: P · phosphate

Phosphorus is an essential mineral; about 85% of the body’s phosphorus is stored in bones and teeth.

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Pitta

Also: pitta dosha

Pitta is one of Ayurveda’s 3 doshas and is the principle linked to digestion, metabolism, heat, and transformation.

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Potassium

Also: K

Potassium is an essential mineral and the main intracellular cation; normal blood potassium is about 3.5–5.0 mEq/L.

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Prakriti

Also: constitution · body constitution

Prakriti is an Ayurvedic concept of a person’s innate constitution, usually described through 3 doshas: vata, pitta, and kapha.

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Prebiotics

Also: prebiotic fiber

Prebiotics are non-digestible food components, usually fibers, that selectively feed beneficial gut microbes and are fermented in the colon.

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Prediabetes

Also: borderline diabetes · impaired glucose tolerance

Prediabetes is blood sugar above normal but below diabetes, often defined by an A1C of 5.7% to 6.4%.

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Probiotics

Also: good bacteria · gut bacteria supplement

Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when taken in adequate amounts, can provide a health benefit to the host.

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Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)

Also: proton pump inhibitors · PPI

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are acid-suppressing medicines; six PPIs were FDA-approved by 2015 for reflux, ulcers, and related conditions.

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Psyllium Husk

Also: isabgol · ispaghula

Psyllium husk is a soluble, gel-forming fiber from Plantago ovata seeds that is commonly used for constipation and can also lower LDL cholesterol.

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Punarnava

Also: Boerhavia diffusa · spreading hogweed

Punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa) is an Ayurvedic herb traditionally used for swelling and urinary complaints, but human evidence remains limited.

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S

11 terms

Sarcopenia

Also: age-related muscle loss

Sarcopenia is age-related loss of muscle strength and mass that can begin as early as the 4th decade of life.

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Selenium

Also: Se

Selenium is an essential trace mineral; the adult RDA is 55 mcg/day and too little or too much can both cause harm.

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SGLT2 Inhibitors

Also: sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors · gliflozins

SGLT2 inhibitors are oral drugs that lower blood glucose by blocking kidney glucose reabsorption and are usually taken once daily.

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Shatavari

Also: Asparagus racemosus

Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) is an Ayurvedic herb traditionally used for women’s health, but human evidence remains limited.

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Shilajit

Also: mineral pitch · mumijo

Shilajit is a traditional Ayurvedic mineral pitch; human evidence is limited, and product purity is a major safety concern.

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Sodium

Also: Na · dietary sodium

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte; WHO advises adults to keep intake below 2,000 mg of sodium per day.

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Spirulina

Also: blue-green algae

Spirulina is a blue-green cyanobacterial supplement that is about 55%–70% protein by dry weight.

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Srotas

Also: body channels

Srotas are Ayurvedic “body channels,” a concept describing pathways that carry substances and support body function; classical texts describe many such channels.

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SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)

Also: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors · antidepressants

SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) are antidepressant medicines that raise serotonin signaling; citalopram doses above 40 mg/day are unsafe.

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Statins

Also: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors · cholesterol-lowering drugs

Statins are HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors that lower LDL cholesterol and reduce heart attack and stroke risk.

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Sulfonylureas

Also: sulphonylureas

Sulfonylureas are oral type 2 diabetes drugs that lower HbA1c by about 1% to 1.25% by increasing insulin release.

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T

7 terms

Telmisartan

Also: Telma · Micardis

Telmisartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker used to treat high blood pressure, commonly taken once daily in 20, 40, or 80 mg doses.

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Triphala

Also: three fruits

Triphala is a traditional Ayurvedic blend of 3 fruits used mainly for digestion, but human evidence remains limited.

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Tulsi (Holy Basil)

Also: holy basil · Ocimum sanctum

Tulsi (holy basil) is an Ayurvedic herb, Ocimum tenuiflorum, studied in small human trials for stress and metabolic effects.

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Turmeric (Curcumin)

Also: curcumin · Curcuma longa

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a spice and Ayurvedic herb whose main studied compound, curcumin, makes up about 1% to 6% of dried turmeric extract.

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Type 1 Diabetes

Also: T1DM · insulin-dependent diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the pancreas makes little or no insulin, and about 5% to 10% of diabetes cases are type 1.

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Type 2 Diabetes

Also: T2DM · adult-onset diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease in which blood glucose stays high because the body resists insulin and insulin production becomes inadequate.

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Typhoid Fever

Also: enteric fever · typhoid

Typhoid fever is a life-threatening bacterial infection caused by Salmonella Typhi, with about 9 million cases worldwide each year.

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V

19 terms

Vacha

Also: Acorus calamus · sweet flag

Vacha (Acorus calamus) is an Ayurvedic herb whose rhizome is traditionally used for digestion and cognition, but human evidence remains limited.

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Vasaka

Also: Adhatoda vasica · Malabar nut

Vasaka is an Ayurvedic herb from Adhatoda vasica used for cough and breathing symptoms; its best-known alkaloid is vasicine.

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Vata

Also: vata dosha

Vata is one of Ayurveda’s 3 doshas and describes movement-related functions; Ayurveda links imbalance to dryness, irregularity, and disturbed sleep.

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Vidanga

Also: Embelia ribes · false black pepper

Vidanga is the Ayurvedic herb Embelia ribes, a fruit-bearing plant used traditionally for intestinal worms and digestion.

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Vitamin A

Also: retinol · beta-carotene

Vitamin A is a fat-soluble nutrient needed for vision, immunity, and growth; the adult UL for preformed vitamin A is 3,000 mcg RAE/day.

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Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

Also: thiamine · thiamin

Vitamin B1 (thiamine) is a water-soluble vitamin needed for energy metabolism, with only about 25–30 mg stored in the adult body.

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Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

Also: cobalamin · methylcobalamin

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is a water-soluble vitamin needed for DNA synthesis, red blood cells, and nerve function; adults need 2.4 mcg/day.

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Vitamin B12 Deficiency

Also: cobalamin deficiency · low B12

Vitamin B12 deficiency is a lack of cobalamin that can cause anemia and nerve damage, and some labs use serum B12 below 200 pg/mL as a cutoff.

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Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

Also: riboflavin

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is a water-soluble vitamin needed to make the coenzymes FAD and FMN for energy metabolism.

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Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

Also: niacin · nicotinic acid

Vitamin B3 (niacin) is a water-soluble vitamin needed to make NAD and NADP, with adult RDAs of 14–16 mg NE per day.

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Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

Also: pantothenic acid

Vitamin B5, or pantothenic acid, is a water-soluble B vitamin with an adult adequate intake of 5 mg/day.

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Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

Also: pyridoxine

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is a water-soluble vitamin needed for more than 100 enzyme reactions, especially in protein metabolism.

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Vitamin B9 (Folate)

Also: folate · folic acid

Vitamin B9, also called folate or folic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin needed for DNA synthesis, cell division, and red blood cell formation.

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Vitamin C

Also: ascorbic acid

Vitamin C, or ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble essential vitamin; the adult RDA is 90 mg/day for men and 75 mg/day for women.

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Vitamin D

Also: cholecalciferol · vitamin D3

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that helps calcium absorption and bone health; deficiency is often defined as 25(OH)D below 20 ng/mL.

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Vitamin D Deficiency

Also: hypovitaminosis D · low vitamin D

Vitamin D deficiency is a low blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D level, commonly defined as less than 20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L).

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Vitamin D3 Supplement (Cholecalciferol)

Also: cholecalciferol supplement · vitamin D3 capsule

Vitamin D3 supplement (cholecalciferol) is a form of vitamin D used to prevent or treat deficiency and support calcium balance and bone health.

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Vitamin E

Also: tocopherol · alpha-tocopherol

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble nutrient; adults need 15 mg/day of alpha-tocopherol to help protect cell membranes from oxidation.

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Vitamin K

Also: phylloquinone · vitamin K1

Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin needed for normal blood clotting and bone-related proteins; adult adequate intake is 90–120 mcg/day.

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